The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied unless otherwise stated.

The Fund’s functional and presentation currency is the euro. All amounts are in thousands of euros, unless otherwise stated. The financial year 2023 was a normal calendar year from 1 January to 31 December 2023.

2.1 Basis of preparation

Going concern

The financial statements are prepared using the going concern basis of accounting.

Statement of compliance

The consolidated financial statements of the Fund have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as adopted by the European Union.

The Company financial statements of the Fund are included in the consolidated financial statements and are prepared in accordance with the legal requirements of Part 9, Book 2, of the Dutch Civil Code. These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the provision of Article 2:362 subsections 8 and 9, of the Dutch Civil Code, under which the Company financial statements may be prepared in accordance with accounting policies as adopted in the consolidated financial statements.

Statement of comprehensive income

The Fund presents its statement of comprehensive income by nature of expenses.

Application of new and revised International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)

In 2023, the Fund adopted the new IFRS standards, amendments to IFRS and the interpretations that are mandatory for accounting periods that begin on or after 1 January 2023. The Fund has not early adopted any other standard, interpretation or amendment that has been issued but is not yet effective.  

• Amendments to IFRS 17 Insurance Contracts: Initial Application of IFRS 17 and IFRS 9 – Comparative Information (applicable for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023) 

• Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements and IFRS Practice Statement 2: Disclosure of Accounting Policies (applicable for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023) 

• Amendments to IAS 8 Accounting policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors: Definition of Accounting Estimates (applicable for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023) 

• Amendments to IAS 12 Income Taxes: Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction (applicable for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023) 

• Amendments to IAS 12 Income taxes: International Tax Reform – Pillar Two Model Rules (effective immediately– disclosures are required for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2023)  

These standards, amendments and interpretations do not have a material impact on the disclosures in the Fund’s financial statements.

New and amended standards and interpretations in issue but not yet effective

At the date of authorisation of these financial statements, the Fund has not applied the following new and revised IFRS Standards that have been issued but are not yet effective and in some cases had not yet been adopted by the European Union:

• Amendments to IFRS 16 Leases: Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback (applicable for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2024).

• Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements: Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current and Non-current Liabilities with Covenants (applicable for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2024, but not yet endorsed in the EU)

• Amendments to IAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows and IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures: Supplier Finance Arrangements (applicable for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2024, but not yet endorsed in the EU)  

The Fund is monitoring these regulatory changes.

Preparation of the financial statements

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for investment property and investment property under construction, which are measured at fair value as explained in the accounting policies below. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given or agreed upon in exchange for assets. The principal accounting policies are set out below.

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with IFRS requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgement in the process of applying the Fund’s accounting policies. Changes in assumptions may have a material impact on the financial statements in the period the assumptions changed. Management believes that the underlying assumptions are appropriate. The areas involving a higher degree of judgement or complexity, or areas where assumptions and estimates are material to the financial statements, are disclosed in Note 4.

2.2 Basis of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements incorporate the financial statements of the Company and entities controlled by the Company and its subsidiaries. Control is achieved when the Company: has power over the investee; is exposed, or has rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee; and has the ability to use its power to affect its returns.

The following entities are included in the consolidated financial statements:

• Bouwinvest Residential Development B.V. (100%), established 15 December 2017

• Bouwinvest Dutch Institutional Residential Fund Services B.V. (100%), established 15 December 2016

The Company reassesses whether or not it controls an investee if facts and circumstances indicate that there are changes to one or more of the three elements of control listed above.

When the Company has less than a majority of the voting rights of an investee, it has power over the investee when the voting rights are sufficient to give it the practical ability to direct the relevant activities of the investee unilaterally. The Company considers all relevant facts and circumstances in assessing whether or not the Company's voting rights in an investee are sufficient to give it power, including:

• the size of the Company's holding of voting rights relative to the size and dispersion of holdings of the other vote holders;

• potential voting rights held by the Company, other vote holders or other parties;

• rights arising from other contractual arrangements; and

• any additional facts and circumstances that indicate that the Company has, or does not have, the current ability to direct the relevant activities at the time that decisions need to be made, including voting patterns at previous shareholders' meetings.

Consolidation of a subsidiary begins when the Company obtains control over the subsidiary and ceases when the Company loses control of the subsidiary. Specifically, income and expenses of a subsidiary acquired or disposed of during the year are included in the consolidated statement of comprehensive income from the date the Company gains control until the date when the Company ceases to control the subsidiary.

Profit or loss and each component of other comprehensive income are attributed to the owners of the Company and to the non-controlling interests. Total comprehensive income of subsidiaries is attributed to the owners of the Company and to the non-controlling interests even if this results in the non-controlling interests having a deficit balance.

When necessary, adjustments are made to the financial statements of subsidiaries to bring their accounting policies into line with the Group's accounting policies.

All intra-group assets and liabilities, equity, income, expenses and cash flows relating to transactions between members of the Group are eliminated in full on consolidation.

2.3 Investment property

Investment property is initially measured at its cost, including related transaction costs such as advisory costs, notary costs, transfer taxes and borrowing costs. Borrowing costs incurred for the purpose of acquiring, constructing or producing a qualifying investment property are capitalised as part of its cost. Borrowing costs are capitalised while acquisition or construction is actively underway and cease once the asset is substantially complete, or suspended if the development of the asset is suspended.

After initial recognition, investment property is stated at fair value. Fair value is based on active market prices, adjusted, if necessary, for any difference in the nature, location or condition of the specific asset.

In line with the Practice Statements, as incorporated in the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors Appraisal and Valuation Standards (‘the Red Book’), valuations are performed as of the financial position date by professional valuation experts who hold recognised and relevant professional qualifications and have recent experience in the location and category of the investment property being valued. These valuations form the basis for the carrying amounts in the financial statements. Investment property that is being redeveloped for continuing use as an investment property or for which the market has become less active continues to be measured at fair value.

The fair value of investment property reflects, among other things, rental income from current leases and assumptions about rental income from future leases in the light of current market conditions, including vacancy and rental incentives. The fair value also reflects, on a similar basis, any cash outflows that could be expected in respect of the property. Some of those outflows are recognised as a liability, including lease liabilities in respect of leasehold land classified as investment property; others, including contingent rent payments, are not recognised in the financial statements.

Subsequent expenditure is capitalised to the asset’s carrying amount only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the expenditure will flow to the Fund and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. All other repairs and maintenance costs are expensed when incurred. When part of an investment property is replaced, the carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognised.

If a valuation obtained for a property held under a lease is net of all payments expected to be made, any related lease liability recognised separately in the statement of financial position is added back to arrive at the carrying value of the investment property for accounting purposes.

The fair value of investment property does not reflect future capital expenditure that will improve or enhance the property and does not reflect the related future benefits from this future expenditure other than those a rational market participant would take into account when determining the value of the property.

Gains and losses arising from changes in fair values are included in the statement of comprehensive income in the year in which they arise. Investment properties are derecognised either when they have been disposed of or when the investment property is permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefit is expected from its disposal. Gains and losses on disposal of investment properties are recognised in the statement of comprehensive income in the year of disposal.

The right-of-use component of land leases is included as an integral part of the Investment property. The accounting principles for land leases are disclosed in more detail in note 2.5 Leases.

Investment property under construction or being developed for future use as investment property is presented under ‘Investment property under construction’. 

Net result on the sale of investment property

Proceeds from the sale of investment properties are recognised when the control of the property is transferred to the purchaser. The profits or losses on the sale of investment properties are identified as the difference between the net proceeds of the sale and the carrying value of the investment properties in the Fund’s most recently published statement of financial position.

2.4 Investment property under construction

Investment property under construction for future use as investment property is stated at fair value. 

In line with the valuation procedure, valuations are performed as of the financial position date by external professional valuation experts using the special assumption ‘as-if completed’. This assumes that on the valuation date the project has been developed, delivered and leased. The ‘as-if completed’ valuation from the external appraiser serves as an input value to arrive at the valuation for investment property under construction. The external valuation ‘as-if completed’ is subsequently discounted from the expected completion date to the valuation date. This is also done for the remaining development costs to complete the project.

Fair value measurement on investment property under construction is only applied if the fair value is considered to be reliably measurable. If the Fund determines that the fair value of an investment property under construction is not reliably determinable when construction is incomplete, it shall measure that investment under construction at cost until either its fair value becomes reliably determinable or construction is completed.

It may sometimes be difficult to determine the fair value of the investment property under construction reliably. In order to evaluate whether the fair value of an investment under construction can be determined reliably, management considers, among other things, the following factors:

• The provisions of the construction contract

• The stage of completion

• Project/ property characteristics: standard (typical for the market) or non-standard

• The level of reliability of cash inflows after completion

• The development risk specific to the property

• Past experience with similar construction projects

• Pre-let percentage

• Status of construction permits

After the first instalment for the project under construction, an external valuation expert values the project each quarter. Gains and losses arising from changes in fair values are included in the statement of comprehensive income in the year in which they arise.

Investment property is not developed within the Residential Fund but via external parties or within Bouwinvest Development B.V. or Bouwinvest Residential Development B.V. When entering into the contract, the rental risk is transferred to the Fund; the remaining risks remain with the developer. The paid instalments are therefore recognised as investment property under construction.

The right-of-use component of land leases is included as an integral part of the Investment property under construction. The accounting principles for land leases are disclosed in more detail in note 2.5 Leases.

2.5 Leases

The Fund shall assess at the inception of a contract whether the contract is, or contains, a lease. A lease contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset owned by another party for a period of time in exchange for a consideration. The economic benefits deriving from that asset are transferred to the Fund. Where the Fund is a lessee, the Fund recognises a right-of-use asset and a lease liability.

The Fund recognises right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease (i.e., the date the underlying asset is available for use). Right-of-use assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for any remeasurement of lease liabilities. The cost of right-of-use assets includes the amount of lease liabilities recognised, initial direct costs incurred, and lease payments made at or before the commencement date less any lease incentives received. Right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and the estimated useful lives of the assets.

The Fund leases properties that meet the definition of investment property. These right-of-use assets are presented as part of the line item 'Investment property’ in the statement of financial position.

The lease liability is the primary basis for the accounting of the right-of-use asset. At inception, the right-of-use asset comprises the lease liability plus any direct costs of obtaining the lease, less any incentives provided by the lessor. After initial recognition, the Fund measures the right-of-use asset applying a cost model. For leases, the Fund applies the fair value model in IAS 40.

The accounting principles for lease liabilities are disclosed in more detail in note 2.10 Non-current lease liabilities.

2.6 Financial instruments

Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised in the Fund's statement of financial position when the Fund becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument.

Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value, except for trade receivables that do not have a material financing component which are measured at transaction price. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognised immediately in profit or loss.

Financial assets

Financial assets are classified at initial recognition, and subsequently measured at amortised cost, fair value through other comprehensive income, or fair value through profit or loss. The classification of financial assets at initial recognition depends on the financial asset’s contractual cash flow characteristics and the Fund’s business model for managing them. 

The Fund determines the classification of its financial assets at initial recognition. At initial recognition, financial assets are measured at fair value, plus, in the case of investments not at fair value through profit or loss, directly attributable transaction costs. With the exception of trade receivables that do not contain a material financing component, the Fund initially measures a financial asset at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs. As the Fund’s rent and other trade receivables do not contain a material financing component, they are measured at the transaction price determined under IFRS 15.

Financial assets are derecognised only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire or the Fund transfers substantially all risks and rewards of ownership. 

Financial assets recognised in the statement of financial position as trade and other receivables. They are initially recognised at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less loss allowance.

The Fund recognises an allowance for expected credit losses (ECLs) for all debt instrument except those held at fair value through profit or loss. ECLs are based on the difference between the contractual cash flows due in accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the Group expects to receive, discounted at an approximation of the original effective interest rate. The expected cash flows will include cash flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements that are integral to the contractual terms.

For rent and other trade receivables and contract assets, the Fund applies a simplified approach in calculating ECLs. Therefore, the Group does not track changes in credit risk, but instead recognises a loss allowance based on lifetime ECLs at each reporting date (i.e., a loss allowance for credit losses expected over the remaining life of the exposure, irrespective of the timing of the default). The Fund has established a provision matrix that is based on its historical credit loss experience, adjusted for forward-looking factors specific to the debtors and the economic environment. Impaired debts are derecognised when they are assessed as uncollectible.

In determining the expected credit losses the Fund takes into account any recent payment behaviours and future expectations of likely default events (i.e. not making payment on the due date) based on individual customer credit ratings, actual or expected insolvency filings or company voluntary arrangements, likely deferrals of payments due and those tenants expected to be offered a period of rent free as a result of temporary closures imposed in order to limit the spread of Covid-19 and market expectations and trends in the wider macro-economic environment in which our customers operate. These assessments are made on a customer by customer basis.

If in a subsequent period the amount of the impairment loss decreases and the decrease can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment was recognised, the previously recognised impairment loss is reversed, to the extent that the carrying value of the asset does not exceed its amortised cost at the reversal date. Any subsequent reversal of an impairment loss is recognised in the statement of comprehensive income.

Financial liabilities

The Fund’s financial liabilities comprise trade and other payables. All financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value and net of directly attributable transaction costs. The Fund determines the classification of its financial liabilities at initial recognition. 

A financial liability is derecognised when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expired.

Financial liabilities included in trade and other payables are initially recognised at fair value and subsequently at amortised cost. The fair value of a non-interest bearing liability is its discounted repayment amount. If the due date of the liability is less than one year, discounting is omitted.

2.7 Prepayments

Prepayments are stated at cost less any accumulated impairment losses.

2.8 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash in hand, deposits held at call with banks, other short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less, and bank overdrafts.

2.9 Issued capital

Shares are classified as equity when there is no obligation to transfer cash or other assets. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares are shown in equity as a deduction, net of tax, from the proceeds.

2.10 Redeemed shares

The Fund has two classes of issued shares, issued shares (to shareholders) and redeemed shares. The redeemed shares are held by the Fund with a nominal value of € 1,000 and don’t have any rights for voting, dividends or other shareholder rights. Redeemed shares are shares bought by the Fund if a redemption request is granted. After the redemption has been executed, the shares are classified as redeemed shares until the shares are either issued again or cancelled. Redeemed shares will be issued again in case of capital calls within the same financial year. All redeemed shares that are not issued again before year end will be cancelled within 2 months after year end. This will take place after GM approval.

The acquisition price (including transaction costs) of the redeemed shares is initially fully deducted from the other reserves. The withdrawal of the redeemed shares is incorporated in the issued capital and other reserves after the withdrawal is finalised.

Shares are redeemed at the Fund’s net asset value per share as per the most recent valuation date prior to the applicable redemption date. The amount to be paid to the redeeming shareholder is decreased by the redemption costs.

2.11 Non-current lease liabilities

At initial recognition, a lease liability is measured at the present value of the lease payments in the lease, including any renewal options where it is reasonably certain the Fund will exercise the option and the lease payments due after exercising the option can be estimated.

Lease payments are discounted using the rate implicit in the lease. If this rate cannot be estimated, the Fund’s incremental borrowing rate for borrowings secured by a similar asset and for a similar term as the lease is used. Lease payments include fixed payments and variable payments that depend on an index or rate including any renewal options included in the determination of the term of the lease.

After initial recognition, the Fund measures the lease liability by:

• increasing the carrying amount to reflect interest on the lease liability;

• reducing the carrying amount to reflect the lease payments made; and

• remeasuring the carrying amount to reflect any reassessment or lease modifications.

For land lease contracts, the Fund takes into account a perpetual view, even when the land lease contracts have a continuous character. Continuous contracts may include a potential break option, however this break option is considered theoretical, as the land lease is highly interlinked with the investment property. Breaking the lease destroys the value of the property. Therefore, the lease term for continuous contracts is also considered perpetual.

2.12 Current trade and other payables

Trade and other payables are initially recognised at fair value and subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

Tenant deposits

The Fund obtains deposits from tenants as a guarantee for the return of the property at the end of the lease term in a specified good condition or for the lease payments for a period ranging from one to 12 months. Such deposits are treated as financial assets in accordance with IFRS 9 and they are initially recognised at fair value. The deposit is subsequently measured at amortised cost.

Tenant deposits are classified as current liabilities unless the Fund has an unconditional right to defer settlement of the deposit for at least 12 months after the date of the statement of financial position.

2.13 Dividend distribution

An FII is obliged to distribute its distributable profit annually within eight (8) months after the end of the relevant fiscal year (‘doorstootverplichting’). The distributable profit generally only includes current income (dividends, interest and rental income). The (realised and unrealised) gains on securities and the realised gains on all other investments (including real estate), which are added to a so-called reinvestment reserve (‘herbeleggingsreserve’), are not included in the distributable profit.

2.14 Rental income

Rental income from investment property leased out under operating leases is recognised in the statement of comprehensive income on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Rent incentives granted by the Fund to its tenants are recognised as an integral part of the total rental income. The rent incentives are included in investment property.

Incentives to enter into rental agreements are spread evenly over the rental term, even if the payments are not made on such a basis. The rental term is the non-cancellable period of the rental agreement, together with any further term for which the tenant has the option to continue the rental agreement, when, at the inception of the rental agreement it is reasonably certain that the tenant will exercise this option.

Premiums received to terminate rental agreement are recognised in the statement of comprehensive income.

2.15 Service charges, property operating expenses and administrative expenses

In the case of service contracts with third parties, service charges are recovered from tenants. Service charges in respect of vacant property are expensed. These mainly relate to gas, water, electricity, cleaning and security.

Property operating expenses comprise those costs that are directly attributable to the operation of properties, net of costs charged to tenants. These mainly relate to tax, insurance, leasehold, maintenance and professional fees. These are expensed as incurred. Administrative expenses are expenses that are not directly attributable to the operation of properties (including charged management costs not directly related to properties, office overheads, advice, valuation and audit fees, listing costs and marketing and promotion costs).

Service charges for which the Fund acts as a principal are presented in the statement of comprehensive income. Therefore, for those property investments for which the Fund is in full control of the service charges, the service charges invoiced to tenants and the corresponding expenses are shown separately on an accrual basis.

2.16 Other income

This is income attributable to the year that cannot be classified under any of the other categories.

2.17 Finance income and expenses

The finance result consists of interest income and expenses and is recognised in the statement of comprehensive income. Interest is recognised in the statement of comprehensive income as it accrues.

2.18 Cash flow statement

Cash flows are stated according to the indirect method.

The acquisitions of investment properties are disclosed as cash flows from investment activities, as this reflects the Fund’s business activities most appropriately.

Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand, demand deposits, short-term deposits with banks with original maturities of three months or less and short-term, highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.

2.19 Earnings per share

The Fund presents basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) for its ordinary share capital. The earnings per ordinary share are calculated by dividing the profit or loss attributable to the Fund’s shareholders by the weighted average number of issued ordinary shares during the reporting period. In calculating the diluted earnings per share, the profit or loss attributable to the Fund’s shareholders and the weighted average number of issued ordinary shares during the reporting period are adjusted for all potential dilutive effects on the ordinary shares.

2.20 Income taxes

Based on its status as an FII, the Fund is subject to Dutch corporate income tax at a rate of 0%. See Note 10. The subsidiaries of the fund are subject to Dutch corporate income tax at a rate of 19% - 25.8%.